All the people saying that you can't run any Hercules controllers on Windows 7 are utter idiots:) Now here is how to get your mixer to run, I just did it a few minutes ago. First download the latest drivers from the Hercules site: Second right click the file you downloaded, select 'Proprieties' then select compatibility mode and select Vista SP2 compatibility mode. Apply and you have your self a fully functional mixer:D Hope this will help. All the people saying that you can't run any Hercules controllers on Windows 7 are utter idiots:) Now here is how to get your mixer to run, I just did it a few minutes ago.
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Here’s another breadboard module that carries a PIC16F628A microcontroller. The power supply pins and the I/O ports of the PIC16F628A microcontroller are accessed through male headers. It can be easily plugged into a breadboard and is very useful for quick prototyping.
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It frees up a lot of space on the breadboard since the oscillator, reset, and ICSP circuits are already built on the module. It is different from the previous in the way that the microcontroller now runs with an external 4.0 MHz crystal. So, this module will be more appropriate for experiments that require accurate timing calculations. Besides, the PIC16F628a microcontroller allows you to read/write 8-bit data directly through PORTB, which is 8-bit wide (none of the ports in PIC16F688 were 8-bit wide).The layout and the circuit diagram of the module is shown below. The module has ICSP header pins for in-circuit programming, a reset switch, and an LED as power-on indicator. It provides easy access to all the pins of PORTB, and RA0 through RA4 pins of PORTA.
Pins RA6 and RA7 are used for external crystal connections, whereas RA5 is input only pin and is used for reset circuit.
PIC In-circuit Serial Programming Tips In-circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) Olin Lathrop, Embed IncLast updated 7 January 2009This page gives some background on in-circuit serial programming of and suggestions onthe electrical implementation for best results. Most of theinformation here is generic and applies regardless of what programmer isused. Specifics of the are mentioned when this is relevant.Introduction'Programming' a PIC in this context refers to storing the program onto aPIC, not generating or writing the program. This process startswith a HEX file, which specifies exactly how the non-volatile memory bitsof a PIC are to be set. The process of programming is copying thisinformation from the HEX file into the PIC.There is no way to plug a PIC into a standard computer (PC). Aseparate piece of hardware, called a programmer is required toconnect to an I/O port of a PC on one side and to the PIC on the otherside.
There are many different PIC programmers available.Most of these use the parallel port, a serial port (COM port), or theUSB. The type of programmer, how it connects to the PC, and thevarious advantages and disadvantages of each are not within the scope ofthis document.On the PIC side there are two possibilities, socket and in-circuit.A socket programmer provides a way to connect just a bare PIC to theprogrammer. Since all the connections are built into theprogrammer, their details are irrelevant to the end user. In-circuitprogrammers however connect to the PIC while it is connected to the targetcircuit. Due to variations in the interconnect scheme and the targetcircuit surrounding the PIC, there is no PIC programmer that workswith all possible target circuits or interconnects.
Thepurpose of this document is to help the circuit designer understand theconstraints imposed on the circuit by in-circuit programming and to givesome guidance on how to design circuits most likely to work with a varietyof in-circuit PIC programmers and the Embed Inc PIC programmers inparticular.ICSP OverviewPICs are programmed using 5 signals. The data is transferred usinga two wire synchronous serial scheme, with the clock always controlled bythe programmer. The ICSP signals are:GNDNegative power input to the PIC and the zero volts reference forthe remaining signals. Voltages of the other signals areimplicitly with respect to GND.VddThis is the positive power input to the PIC.
Someprogrammers require this to be provided by the circuit (circuit mustbe at least partially powered up), some programmers expect to drivethis line themselves and require the circuit to be off, while otherscan be configured either way (like the Microchip ICD2). TheEmbed Inc programmers expect to drive the Vdd line themselves andrequire the target circuit to be off during programming.VppProgramming mode voltage. This must be connected to the MCLRpin, or the Vpp pin of the optional ICSP port available on somelarge-pincount PICs. To put the PIC into programming mode, thisline must be in a specified range that varies from PIC to PIC.For 5V PICs, this is always some amount above Vdd, and can be as highas 13.5V.
The 3.3V only PICs like the 18FJ, 24H, and 33F seriesuse a special signature to enter programming mode and Vpp is a digitalsignal that is either at ground or Vdd. There is no one Vppvoltage that is within the valid Vpp range of all PICs.
Infact, the minimum required Vpp level for some PICs can damage otherPICs.PGCClock line of the serial data interface. This line swingsfrom GND to Vdd and is always driven by the programmer. Data istransferred on the falling edge.PGDSerial data line. The serial interface is bi-directional,so this line can be driven by either the programmer or the PICdepending on the current operation. In either case this lineswings from GND to Vdd. A bit is transferred on the falling edgeof PGC.Circuit constraints for ICSPFor many products containing PICs, it is desirable to load a blank PICon the board during assembly, then program it in-circuit as part of thefinal production test procedure. This usually reduces cost andallows for a much shorter lead time from new code available until it canbe deployed in newly produced units.
While the advantages of lastminute in-circuit programming are usually compelling, it is not free andICSP capability must be considered up front when the circuit isdesigned. It can be difficult and costly to retrofit a circuit forICSP after other design decisions have already been made. On theother hand, the added cost of ICSP is usually minimal when it is includedin the original design requirements.Here are issues to consider when designing a circuit for ICSP:Provide a connectionThis may sound obvious, but it requires some thought. For lowvolume products, the cost of an additional connector may be minor, butwhat connector is appropriate?
For high volume designs, theper-unit cost must be kept to a minimum, and some complexity can bepushed onto the test fixture. Here are some suggestions:RJ-12 jackThis is a 6 pin 'phone' type connector. It's not a greatconnector but has the primary advantage that it is directlycompatible with the Microchip ICD2. Some third partyprogrammers (including some of the Embed Inc programmers) haveICD2 outputs for easy compatibility. This type of connectoris a good choice for hobby projects or prototypes where the ICSPconnections will be used for debugging or frequent programmingduring development. For example, this is the connector usedon the andfor themain processor.Due to the way the standard ICD2 cable is wired, the pinout ofthe target connector must be flipped from the pinout of the sameRJ-12 connector built into the ICD2. The ICD2 cable pinoutis described in detail in a later section of this document.Another problem with this connector is that the PGC and PGDlines are adjacent on the flat cable, and therefore susceptible tocrosstalk.
16f628a Simple Program In C++
There is more on this also later in thisdocument.1 inch headerThese type of connectors are cheap, widely available, reliable,and require less board area than a RJ-12 jack. We recommendthe keyed version so that the cable can only be plugged in oneway. It is not quite as easy to plug and unplug the cablefrom this connector as for an RJ-12 jack, so this is a good choicefor infrequent programming as apposed to active debugging.For example, this is the connector used on the for the power supplycontrol processor.A 6 pin version of this type of connector can also beused. An extra GND pin added between the PGC and PGD linesgreatly reduces crosstalk between these lines, which can be amajor problem. The programming output lines of the EmbedInc PIC programmers are available via such a 6 pin header or barepads (among other options) to facilitate making cables withreduced PGD/PGC crosstalk.Pogo pin padsThis is the ultimate in low per-unit cost, but requires acustom fixture to hold the unit during programming. Thiscan be a good choice for high volume designs.Allow for high voltage on VppThe programming algorithms for the 5V PICs require that Vpp (MCLRpin) be raised above Vdd during programming.
The requirementsrange from a few volts above Vdd up to about 13V. This prettymuch makes it impossible to have MCLR driven from a regular digitaloutput as these wouldn't tolerate such voltages. Since MCLR isa CMOS input and therefore high impedence, it's usually sufficient todrive it from a digital output thru a resistor. Somewhere in the20 kΩ to 100 kΩ ohm range is usually a good value.The low end is limited by the current the digital output can toleratethru its protection diode when 13V is applied to the other end of theresistor.
The high end is limited by the voltage offset causedby the leakage current of the MCLR pin times the resistance, and theadditional noise susceptibility on a high impedence node ingeneral.Another consideration on the resistor size is the output impedenceof the programmer's Vpp driver. This is deliberately a minimumvalue for some programmers to avoid damaging the target circuit, whileothers may have only passive drive in one direction. Forexample, the USBProg is voltage-regulated when driving high and 20-30Ω when driving low.
The ProProg also has low impedencewhen driving high and about 100 Ω when driving low. If indoubt, we recommend 20 kΩ series resistance from MCLR to the restof the circuit on the board.
There should be a direct connectionfrom the programmer Vpp line to the MCLR pin.Another issue is that some PICs can be configured so that MCLR hasa internal pullup. Enabling this feature makes designing forICSP more difficult since a simple series resistor to the rest of thecircuit would not work. The resistor and the internal pullupform a voltage divider so the MCLR voltage seen by the PIC when theexternal circuit is driving it low will be some minimum value.Usually the external resistor would need to be too low to be usefulfor ICSP to guarantee MCLR is below the maximum threshold for a 0 whendriven by the on-board circuit.
A separate transistor may berequired, or the system designed so that the internal pullup is notneeded. This is one of the areas where ICSP will impact thedesign. Nothing is free.Note that on some PICs, like the 10F20x, the internal pullup isalways enabled when the MCLR pin is configured in the MCLR role (asapposed to configured as a normal digital input). There is nouniversal answer, but this must be carefully considered in the circuitdesign. The 10F series is already the most challanging todesign for ICSP because 5 of only 6 pins will be connected to theprogrammer.Consider Vdd driven externallyMany programmers require control of Vdd during programming.There are three main reasons for this:. The programmer is a 'production' versus 'development'programmer according to the Microchip definition, and thereforeperforms verification at the Vdd voltage limits for thatPIC.
To guarantee the proper voltage for some operations, likebulk erase, which is often specified over a narrower Vdd rangethan normal device operation. The circuit may provide avalid voltage for the PIC to run, but that voltage may not bevalid for a bulk erase and other operations that the programmermust perform. To guarantee the correct sequence and sometimes timing of Vddwith respect to Vpp. Some PICs require Vdd raised beforeVpp, while others require the reverse. Some PICs alsorequire a minimum time from one to the other.In general, the more full featured and robust programmers expect tocontrol Vdd for the reasons indicated above. The Embed Incprogrammers are all in this catagory.When the programmer will drive Vdd during programming, the targetcircuit must be off, or at least the power supply to the PIC must beoff. Furthermore the circuit must tolerate the PIC Vdd pindriven up to the PIC's maximum Vdd spec.
16f628a Simple Program In C#
This is usually 5.5V,and may be several volts higher than the circuit normally operates ator is designed to run at.Even if the circuit can withstand 5.5V power, it must not draw morecurrent than the programmer can supply. Specifications forprogrammers vary widely.
The EasyProg can only supply 20mAsafely, the USBProg and LProg 100mA, and the ProProg 250mA with thesupplied wall wart and 500mA with a fixed input supply.Beware that some linear regulators, like common 7805 for example,can be damaged by raising their outputs above their inputs. Adiode from the regulator output to its input my be required.In some cases it will be necessary to split the power supply of thecircuit so that the PIC is powered from a separate segment.
Eachsegment may be driven thru a diode from a master supply. Thisprevents power on one segment from driving the others, but alsopresents another problem of the voltage drops accross thediodes. Sometimes it is sufficient to make the master supply600-700mV higher to compensate for the diode drops. Sometimesthe master supply has a voltage feedback path accessible to thecircuit.
In that case the feedback can be taken from the outputof one of the diodes. The voltage of that power segment will bewell regulated, with the voltage of the other segments being within afew 100mV because the diode drops will match reasonably well.These are only some ideas. There is no universal answer andeach case must be carefully considered with all the issues inmind.Consider PGC and PGD driven externallyThese are digital signals and will always be driven within therange of GND to Vdd at the time, although Vdd may be higher thannormal when PGC and PGD are driven. The drive impedence of theprogrammer on these lines must also be considered, since this forms avoltage divider with any in-circuit impedence tied to thesepins.
The EasyProg has 2 kΩ drive impedence on both lines,the USBProg 150 Ω, the LProg 200 Ω, and the ProProg has 1kΩ drive impedence on PGD and 270 Ω on PGC.On large PICs with many pins, it may be appropriate to dedicatethe PGD and PGC pins for ICSP. In that case these pins shouldbe configured as outputs and driven low or high during normaloperation. They should not be left as floating inputs.
Inother cases it may be sufficient to put a resistor between these PICpins and the rest of the circuit. This was discussed in detailfor Vpp (above).PGM should be low during programmingThe PIC PGM pin is used to enable low voltage programming on somePICs. Even though this is not one of the programming lines andis not connected to the programmer, it should be held low duringprogramming.
According to the documentation the PGM inputshould not matter during high voltage programming, but we have seencases where it does anyway. A 100 kΩ resistor to groundis a simple fix in most cases.PGD to PGC CrosstalkWhile this is really another circuit constraint, this issue is sounintuitive, little known, poorly documented, but serious that it deservesits own section.The standard Microchip cable unfortunately puts PGD and PGC on adjacentlines. Since this is a flat cable, this can and does lead tocrosstalk between the two in some cases. For writing to the target,the programmer drives both lines. In that case a little low passfiltering can be applied by the programmer to soften the edges and reducethe coupled amplitude on one line from an edge on the other.However, there is a case that must be addressed by the targetcircuit.
The PGD line is bidirectional, meaning it is sometimesdriven by the target PIC. In that case PGD is just a normal digitaloutput on the PIC. These are designed to drive from one state tothe other as quickly as possible. Such an edge produced on PGD bythe target PIC can couple onto the PGC line when using the standard cablesupplied with an ICD2, or any other cable where PGC and PGD areadjacent. The target PIC then sees a PGC (clock) pulse that theprogrammer didn't produce and the serial communication gets out ofsync.
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The net result is that programming appears to be flaky or notwork at all.This entire effect can happen within the time for the PGD edge topropagate from the target PIC, thru the cable to the programmer, and backthru the cable to the target circuit. This means that thisproblem can not be solved at the programmer end of thecable.
No amount of clever circuitry at the programmer canmake this issue go away. It must be dealt with at the targetcircuit.This issue is particularly important for dsPICs since they are fasterand therefore have stronger digital output drivers and faster edges thatcouple better between signals. Although somewhat less severe, wehave observed this issue on programming 18F PICs. We don'trecommend assuming this won't happen on 16F or other PICs. We're notsure that it doesn't, and ignoring it would essentially be relying on amaximum digital output edge slope.
This could easily change betweenproduction lots, over temperature, or as new fab processes are brought online.We recommend filtering the PGD output from the target PIC by adding 100Ω in series followed by 47-100pF to ground. This limits theslope of edges and attenuates the high frequecy components that can couplefrom PGD to PGC. We also recommend adding the same capacitance toground to the PGC line close to where it enters the target board by theprogramming connector. This reduces the impedence of the PGC lineat high frequencies, which reduces its susceptibility to crosstalk.We had previously recommended 22pF for both capacitors instead of47-100pF, but have meanwhile found cases where even 22pF wasinsufficient. We feel that 47-100pF provides sufficient margin butis still below the level where it could interfere with the normaloperation of the lines.For example, the USBProg has 150 Ω output impedence on bothlines. 150 Ω times 100pF is a time constant of 15nS, makingthe 90% settling time about 45nS. This is small compared to theminimum 500nS time from data to clock edges used by that programmer.Other Embed Inc programmers have higher impedences and therefore longertime constants, but also longer data setup times to compensate.
Allthe Embed Inc programmers will work with a additional 100pF load on thePGC and PGD lines.ICD2 Connector PinoutWe define the pins of the connectors on an ICD2 cable as shown in thisdrawing:The standard ICD2 cable is wired so that the pins are flipped between theends. In other words, pin 1 on one end is connected to pin 6 on theother end, pin 2 to pin 5, etc. The pinout of each end is:SignalICD2 end pinTarget end pinVpp 6 1Vdd 5 2GND 4 3PGD 3 4PGC 2 5not connected 1 6Other resources.
Hi, I've started to learn programming mircocontrollers due to work school project. I started to learn basic from Nigel's page, yes it was a great introduction but only if I have more time.However due to work loads and co-operation with partners I need to fall back to C programming using mikroC (more structural and easy for others to understand).
We've got simple mathematic functions done high low add minus blah. Now we Have arrive to the state to program the LCD controller. If just follow the mikroC C example and set it would probably be straight forward, but we don't want to make our project is copying people so we decide to to go for internal oscillation.Now the problem strike us is which device flag(configuration fuses) should be turned on. According to nigel code it was config0x3D18 which is 0011 1101 0001 1000(binary) so is this relfectingbit 13 flash mem protection offhow ever bit 12 is undefined why 19 is 0?bit 8 CPD 1 code protection offbit 7 0 for VPPbit 6 0 reset disablebit5 0 digital inputbit 4 1 (I don;t knwo here) ( i think this is where we set the clock for our lcd is external or internalbit 3 1 power up timer disable)Bit 2 wdt 0 (if we are making a real time clock this will be 1, right? Another function is need to prevent it loops without sopping right)oh besides this is example code from mikroC.
Thanks for the reply guys, I re-read what I have written this morning. It was so incomprehensible, I should have told myself not to post while half asleep.@BananaSongi yeah I have referred to the data sheet didn't understand how come a number binary 1,0 can represent 4 different clock state.@eng1 yeah I clicked the INTRCOSCNOCLKOUT and other options but the LCD, only show boxes in the first line (electus LCD, uses Hitachi controller).I try and set the setting to default which is WDT off LVP off HSspeed oscilation ON INTRCOSCNOCLKOUT ON, but the LCD is not showing the example code. Don't really know where have i gone wrong.
I made the connection correctly according to mikroC example HW configuration.My colleague got theirs work but they put the Vpp pin on high, (which is totally weird, since he uses mikroC standard library code and the LCD 4 bit module is only to deal with portB) I guess he is lying to me or it is a fluke, or he doesn't want to help since most of us couldn't get the LCD to work.argh project due soon DIES.thanks in advance for the inputs. Things might be easier if started off as basic like everyone here stupid project communication and co-ordination mark.
The 16F628 pic microcontroller is quite a capable littledevice having enough memory for useful applications and the onlyfeatures it lacks are an ADC and I2Ccapability.Not available:. ADC. I2CNote: You can get round the lack of I2C by bit-banging programming i.e.controlling a programmable pin without requiring an internal hardware module(see for source code) andyou could use an external ADC. A better choice may be the 16F88 that has abuilt in 10 bit ADC if you need an ADC. Low Power OperationThe 16F628 has fairly good low power operation 1uA @3V but if you reallywant to have a battery operated system that lasts longer then the 16F628A has astandby current of 100nA @2V i.e. An order of magnitude better.
This project shows how to build a very simple yet very useful tool that every DIY enthusiast should have in his lab: a 100MHz+ frequency counter.The schematic is fairly simple and straightforward and uses a PIC16F628A microcontroller for measuring frequency and a high speed comparator for signal amplification and conditioning.The microcontroller uses its internal 4MHz oscillator for the CPU clock. Timer1 uses an external crystal resonator (watch crystal) with 32768Hz frequency for setting the 1 second time base.Timer0 is used to count the input signal at pin RA4.The max frequency of Timer0 is 1/4 of the CPU clock which is 1MHz, but there is internal prescaler and it can be set from 1 to 256. In theory this can allow the input signal to be up to 256MHz.
On the other hand, in the datasheet of 16F628A there is a requirement for the input pulse at RA4 to be with minimum width of 10ns which is 100MHz frequency. So the maximum frequency can be between 100Mhz and 256MHz. I checked with two different PIC16F628A and they easily go over 200Mhz barrier.In order to achieve the maximum possible resolution, the input signal is probed for 0.125 seconds and the prescaler value is computed accordingly. This way when input frequency is below 1Mhz the resolution will be 1Hz.The most important part for the accuracy of the frequency counter is the time base setting circuit – crystal resonator X1 and capacitors C4 and C5. C4 and C5 values can be between 33pF and 62pF and the crystal frequency can be fine tuned with them.The input of the schematic is feed through a high speed comparator. In order to switch with 100+ Mhz frequency the comparator must have propagation delay bellow 5ns.
In this schematic I used Texas Instruments TLV3501 with 4.5ns delay. This was cheapest high speed comparator I was able to find (2.5 euro).The two inputs of the comparator are set at about 1/2 of power supply voltage with 15-25mV difference between them so any AC signal with higher voltage will start switching the comparator.If there isn’t input signal the output of the comparator stays low. If we connect a signal source to the positive input, when the signal goes over +20mV the comparator switches high (5V), when signal goes bellow +20mV comparator switches back to 0V.
So whatever signal we fed to the input, the output is square wave 0V-5V with the same frequency as the original signal.The output of the comparator is fed directly to the RA4 pin of the microcontroller.The input is protected with 1k resistor and two diodes limiting the voltage to ±0.7 V. The input impedance for low frequencies is equal to R1 – 47k.
For VHF range maybe it is good idea to replace it with 50 Ohm value.The schematic can be powered by 9V battery or any other DC voltage from 7V to 15-20V. LM78L05 or LM2931-5.0 IC is used for regulating the voltage down to 5V. There is simple soft ON/OFF circuitry with a dual P- and N-MOS transistor.
When button is pressed the P-MOS transistor is switched on and the microcontroller is powered and its first instruction is to set RB4 high which switch the N-MOS transistor on and the power stays on. If the button is pressed again RB5 goes low and the microcontroller sets the RB4 low and this way switch the power off. The microcontroller also auto switch the power off after a certain amount of time (3min 40sec).The schematic have fairly low power consumption – with no input signal the supply current is 7-8mA and goes up to 20mA with 200+MHz input signal.
If the display is too dark, the back light can be adjusted by decreasing the value of the R9 resistor. This of course will increase the current consumption.The program for the microcontroller is written in C and is compiled with MikroC for PIC Schematic. Crysis warhead bin64 crackers download. Hi,I am able to compile using MikroC. I am programming the chip using PICkit3 using 5 pin header and MPLAB IPE.
The problem is that, the chip gets programmed well for the first time but gives communication error and does not get programmed in later attempts.This problem does not happen when I program any other code (like LED blinking) over and over again.So I felt as if there is some kinda code protection enabled which does not allow me to program for the second time.But I have also checked the config bits, the code/data/flash protection is OFF.Can you please help me in identifying the problem? Hi,I am able to fix the issues and can reprogram the chip as many times as I want. This topic helped me figuring out the problemNow, the circuit is working and counting frequency TILL 87MHz ONLY as soon as I give 88MHz to its input, the measured value drops and starts giving wrong frequency.Can you suggest why I am into this limit while you were able to measure till 200MHz? Actually my frequency range of interest is 100MHz to 200MHz.I have made some changes in my circuit compared to yours, these changes are as follows:1. No ON/OFF switch and its corresponding circuitry, directly feeding the power through 7805 chip with caps2.
Using SMD version of all components including PIC, caps and xtal etc. No through hole so my PCB is single sided only3.
Not using 4148 Diodes (keeping input amplitude = 300mV)4. Using R1=50 ohm instead of 47k as my oscillating circuit has O/P impedance of 50 ohm5.
Using 12pF caps instead of 47pF (I just noticed it but I can replace them)What do you think, can anyone of above changes cause any trouble in frequency range?Thanks 3 years ago. Regarding frequencies over 80Mhz I am suspicious that only some pics will respond. I intend to use an external prescaler divide by 10 which works to more than 1Ghz. I chose MC12080(ebay). In this case little or no modification will be required to the code since you can figure out the reading easily.
This prescaler only needs a few capacitors and one resistor to work. A small circuit diagram is available if you need it.Regarding the power off circuitry I have not included it as the whole thing works from a small 5v power adapter. Dear Terry,Thanks for your response. I have looked into datasheet of MC12080, as it uses D flip flop to divide the frequency, so it should work on square wave, right? But the datasheet also shows the input signal source as sinusoidal, can you please clarify if I can use this chip fed directly with sinusoidal signal?If this is the case, then I may use the comparator at the output of MC12080 (Divided by 10) before feeding to controller.Right?Your suggested will highly be appreciated.Thanks 3 years ago. Muhammad,I cant answer your question about sine and square wave with the MC12080 as I have ordered two but they have not arrived yet. However from experiments I have conducted I find that the input circuitry design of a frequency counter is very critical so that if there is any noise or whatever on the input it shows up as unstable readings.
Square waves are sometimes problematic as the edges are not always clean. The input needs a good filter for the frequency range you are interested in and control over the upper and lower limits as per comparator IC or schmidt trigger and that TLV3501 may need some feedback. Anyway thats what experimentation is about so good luck with your project. Two problems with that TLV3501 comparator: the max guaranteed toggle rate is 80MHz, and at low speeds (below 50KHz) you may have unavoidable chatter on the output as noise on input or power is interpreted as an edge, especially so on a single-layer board like this.
The default hysteresis for that part is only 6mv, so you might want to review the section on the datasheet titled ‘Adding external hysteresis’. You might also want to consider swapping that comparator out for an ECL prescaler like the MC12080, with a transistor output buffer to get the output up to a decent logic level.
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